A brief exploration of the history of Confucian organizational forms
Author: Cao Jingnian
Source: First published by the author in the “Confucian Post”
Time: Western calendar 2011-4Jamaicans Sugardaddy-10
Many People think that there has never been a Confucian organization in China, and it is not suitable for Confucianism to break down and establish an organization like the Confucian Church. Is this really the case? In fact, whether it is a religion, a school of thought, or an ideology, if there is no organization, it will only be the second step back home. That day, Pei Yi followed the Qin family business group to Qizhou, leaving only his mother-in-law and daughter-in-law borrowed from Lan Mansion, two maids, and two nursing homes. How can Confucianism be passed down to this day by relying on a few so-called sages and righteous men to sit silently, or meditate secretly, doing things that are good for themselves? Behind the orthodoxy of virtuous people and righteous people built by the predecessors, there must be a broad and deep Confucian organizational background as support. This JM Escorts is like a few waves rising in the vast and boundless sea, which is based on the vast and boundless sea. , Without the sea, how could there be waves? Without the profound foundation of social organization in Confucianism, how could there be any virtuous and upright people? Through research, it can be found that Confucianism has various and well-systematic organizations in history, and it is these organizations that enable a complete set of Confucian clothing, etiquette, customs and civilization systems to be passed down to this day in addition to Confucian classics. Studying the organizational form of Confucianism in historical “What?!” There is a lot of help in enhancing your belief in Confucianism. This article would like to make a preliminary discussion in this regard to inspire Jamaica Sugar.
In a traditional society that lasted for more than two thousand years, China was a country where politics and religion were integrated, and the entire state apparatus was a Confucian organization. However, such discussions about Confucian organizations are completely useless. Meaning, we need to examine which organizations are relatively pure with Confucianism as its content. As a Confucian organizational system, it must first meet two conditions, one is typical Confucian style, and the other is organized. Through research, we found that there have been many Confucian organizational forms in history, but overallGenerally speaking, it can be divided into three major categories, one is academic organizations, the other is educational organizations, and the third is religious organizations.
1. Academic Organization
Confucianism first existed as a school of thought among various schools of thought. is its main feature, so there are a series of organizations related to academic discussions.
1. Confucius School. When Confucius was alive, he had three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages. Confucius and his disciples formed a relatively loose organization. The disciples listened to Confucius’s lectures and discussed the Tao, and then cultivated their moral character. Confucius also commented on the disciples’ behavior from time to time and urged them, just like saying that a rotten tree cannot be carved into a carving, or that a kid can beat the drum and attack itJamaicans SugardaddyAlso. The disciples also had some reverence for Confucius, and even respected Confucius as a saint. For example, Zigong said that Confucius was “the sage of heaven”, and also said that “the Master is incomparable, just like the heaven who rises without steps.” , compared Confucius to heaven. After Confucius’s death, many students observed filial piety for three years, just like their parents, which shows the noble image of Confucius in the hearts of his students. However, the disciples did not have a strict personal relationship with Confucius, and they could leave at any time. When Confucius traveled around the world, he only had a few disciples following him, so he was described as “like a dog that has lost its home” and seemed very down and out. At this time, Confucianism was in its infancy stage. Although what Confucius established was a loose school and was not as strictly organized as the Sangha established by Sakyamuni, it still had some organizational characteristics.
2. Post-Confucianism. After the death of Confucius, the inheritance of Confucianism was not clear. Historically, it was said that Confucianism was divided into eight categories, but generally speaking, there were only two categories, one Jamaica Sugar is the school of ethics, and the other is the school of scripture transmission. Zisi, Mencius, etc. can generally be classified into the Neo-Confucian school; Zixia, Xunzi, etc. can generally be classified into the Chuanjing school school of thought. The organization formed by the Neo-Confucianism school is not very obvious. For example, Neo-Confucianism, which was later formed in the Song and Ming dynasties, and in modern times, although it is also divided into Cheng-Zhu, Lu-Wang and other schools, there is no strict organization. It is just a name and a philosophical tendency. Divergence, organizational characteristics are less obvious.
Although the specific context of the JM Escorts school is not clear, it started from Qin HuoJM Escorts From the only remaining Confucian classics sought in the Han Dynasty, we can understand that Confucian classics have had Confucian classics from generation to generation.It was passed down orally and produced related works such as the Three Chronicles of Ages and the Book of Rites. These schools may be just one master and one or a few disciples. Although there are outstanding figures such as Xunzi and Zuo Qiuming, and more are unknown Confucian teachers, it is through them that Confucianism can finally be passed down and carried forward, and become a disciple of hundreds of scholars. A very influential school of thought in the family. The Confucian classics recorded orally by the surviving Confucian students in the early Han Dynasty were called Jinwen Jing. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism and established a Doctor of Five Classics in the center to study Confucian classics. Confucian classics officially became the central official school. Later, a new batch of classics were discovered, the so-called ancient literature school, and thus the ancient literature school was formed. The two schools each had their own teachings and inheritances, and they had fierce debates, forming a series of schools, about the ancient literature school and the modern literature school. The debate has continued into modern times. The organization of the school of scripture seems to be more rigorous, and the scripture master has greater authority over the disciples Jamaicans Escort, and the disciples can generally only obey the master.” The teachings must not conflict with the master’s thoughts. This is the so-called family method or teacher’s method.
2. Teaching organization
“Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi” says: The Confucian stream stems from the official position of Situ, who helps the king to follow the yin and yang, and who teaches enlightenment. It can be seen that moral education is the main effect of Confucianism, and education must be reflected in teaching activities This has also become an important part of the Confucian organizational form.
1. National teaching organization. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed all schools of thought and only respected Confucianism, Confucianism has become The focus of national teaching, from the Five Classics, to the Seven Classics, to the Nine Classics, to the Thirteen Classics, the Four Books and the Five Classics, all the scholars in the country revolve around the Confucian classics and the ways of the sages. . Confucius is the most holy teacher, and all schools have his portraits. All scholars must bow down when they see Confucius’s portrait. In modern times, when a child first enters school, the first ritual is to worship Confucius, before the imperial examination begins. The invigilator must first take an oath in front of the statue of Confucius. In terms of organizational system, in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties before the establishment of the imperial examination system, higher institutions of learning such as Guozixue and Taixue were established, and schools were also established in other local counties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, The establishment of the imperial examination system not only included departments specializing in education, such as the Ministry of Rites, the Imperial College, and local academic administration, but also divided examinations into provincial examinations, joint examinations, and palace examinations. In short, a more complete school system was established. With Confucianism as the soul of the organizational system, this system has become very strict and perfect after thousands of years of development. This is the teaching of Confucianism Jamaicans SugardaddyOrganizational issues
2. Except for civil education organizations.In addition to the relatively complete education system established by the government, Confucian folk education organizations have also made great progress. Private educational organizations like academies arose in the Song Dynasty. In the end, academies were privately run schools. The rich and scholars raised funds on their own to build schools in secluded places in the mountains and forests. Famous academies include people from Lushan, Jiangxi, and only Only by experiencing hardship can you put yourself in their shoes and know how to compare your own heart to theirs. Bailudong Academy in Changsha, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan, Songyang Academy in Taishi Mountain, Dengfeng, Henan, etc. Later, the imperial court granted titles and books, appointed instructors, allocated land and funds, etc., and gradually turned it into a semi-civilian and semi-official local education organization. During the Ming Dynasty, academies also developed, such as the famous Donglin Academy. The academy is often a stage for frustrated Confucian scholars to study knowledge, explain morality, and promote Confucianism. It can be regarded as a circle, with one or several famous scholars as the center, attracting a group of young students to study and discuss knowledge together. It forms a small circle of academic teaching. Although this small circle may not be strictly organized, it is very flexible and more loose and active in teaching content. What maintains this organization is not like the official teaching, which is to exchange the books of sages. Obtaining fame and wealth is the true Confucian way in their hearts. Since modern times Jamaicans Escort, many people with lofty ideals have tried to revive Confucianism by restoring the form of academies. Now Mr. Jiang Qing founded Yangming Academy. When I traveled to Mount Lu a few years ago, I saw the Donglin Temple where believers gathered and the incense was flourishing. However, the nearby Bailudong Academy has become an ordinary tourist attraction. Although there are many tourists, how many Confucians are there? The ending of the two religions is so Jamaica Sugar Daddy that it is sad to see Jamaica Sugar Daddy.
3. Religious organizations
The first two categoriesJamaicans Sugardaddy Organizations focus on academics or teaching and are less religious. So are there any more religious organizations? Specifically, there are three typical Confucian organizations:
1. Taichang Rites System
Taichang, known as the Qin Dynasty Fengchang, Chang, means tasting, which means that the food should be tasted by the ancestors first as a memorial. Taichang is the Qin and Han DynastiesDuring this period, Jamaica Sugar was the first of the nine ministers. He was responsible for the establishment of the country, the gods, the rituals of humans and ghosts, and the good and bad fortunes of guests and soldiers. The organization of rituals, treasures, bells and drums and other prestigious cultural relics. In the Han Dynasty, Taichang belonged to the Taiwei tribe and was in charge of rituals and sacrifices. In the Jin Jamaica Sugar dynasty , were all one of the Nine Qings in the Southern Dynasties.
By the Sui and Tang dynasties, a system of three provinces and six ministries was formed. Among them, the Ministry of Rites represented the status of Confucianism as the state religion in modern times and was the most direct expression of its ideological status. According to historical records, the important JM Escorts functions of the Ministry of Etiquette include taking charge of auspicious, good, military, guest, bad luck, memorial etiquette and other etiquette, and managing the school. , scientific examinations, etc., entertaining foreign guests, etc.
It can be seen that major rituals such as worshiping heaven and ancestors are the main functions of Taichang and the Ministry of Rites. Beijing has the Temple of Heaven, the Temple of Earth, and ancestral temples, etc., which hold sacrifices to heaven and pray regularly every year. Rain, ancestor worship and other ceremonies are all within the scope of Taichang and the Ministry of Rites. In the third year of Xuantong’s reign (1911), the Ministry of Rites was renamed the Ceremony Court, which became the organ of the Qing government that was responsible for the rituals and music of the imperial court, temples and mausoleums, as well as the production and maintenance of rituals, as well as the revision of rituals and music, and the updating of rules and regulations.
Taichang and the Ministry of Rites are the main platforms for inheriting Confucius’ thoughts on ritual and music and making them national, ritualistic and religious. Confucius repeatedly talked about the importance of etiquette in memorial ceremonies, saying, “Yu Yu is very literary. I came from Zhou Dynasty, and this Yu Yu” means that the etiquette is very solemn and complete. With complete etiquette, there will be gods and ancestors. Only with majesty and Confucian belief can things be truly established. In “The Doctrine of the Mean” Jamaicans Sugardaddy, Confucius said: “Ghosts and gods are virtuous, how prosperous are they?! Look at them without seeing them, listen at them If you don’t hear it, you will not leave it as a legacy, so that all the people in the country will come together to pay homage to it. Wearing ceremonial clothes in Ming dynasty to carry out sacrifices, wearing very formal clothes to pay homage, and communicating with ghosts and gods. These extremely religious achievements of the country are all accomplished by the Taichang and Rites systems.
The Taichang Rites system has iconic significance in traditional Chinese civilization. It is the place where Chinese clothing and orthodox orthodoxyJamaicans Sugardaddy point, with a normal and appropriate traditional etiquette governance system, this policyRights are in compliance with regulations. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Emperor Wu of Liang liked to play with etiquette. Gao Huan, the Prime Minister of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, once said: “There was an old man named Xiao Yan from Wu’er in Jiangdong who specialized in Jamaicans Sugardaddy Clothing, etiquette and music Jamaicans Sugardaddy, Chinese scholar-officials regarded it as a sign of Zhengshuo”, which shows the cultural symbolism of the etiquette system, and What implements this system is precisely the political system of Taichang and the Ministry of Rites.
2. Family system
In traditional society, the family is the basic unit of society, and many large families live under the same roof for several generations. Let’s look at the literature from the Tang and Song Dynasties, “A Good Wife”. Our house is small and there are no big rules to learn, so you can relax and not be too nervous. “Many people’s names are surnames plus numbers, such as Qin Qi: Qin Shaoyou, Huang Ba: Huang Tingjian, Liu Ba: Liu Zongyuan, Yuan Jiu: Yuan Zhen, Li Twelve: Li Bai, Han Shiba: Han Yu, Li Shiwen: Li Shen. These numbers are the rows of big families with ancestral brothers. The rows reflect the profound influence of family values in China. Pay attention to the surname. It is said that the surname should not be changed when doing things, and the surname should not be changed when sitting down. Classically speaking, the surname represents a family. This family is not a family of three in our current sense, but a large family with the same surname. They are derived from the same ancestor. There is the patriarch, that is, the leader of the family, there are family laws, that is, the laws of the family, there are ancestral halls, genealogy, and ancestral tombs, which are the religious ties that maintain the family, and there are ancestor worship ceremonies that are held regularly and irregularly, which are ritual tools. Members are also closely related economically. Many families live together for many generations. It can be seen that the family is a very tight organizational system. />In modern times, the family Jamaica Sugar is the main organizational system that implements the Confucian creed. First of all, the family has strict seniority and hierarchy. Etiquette of respect and inferiority, as well as weddings and funerals, also have very detailed regulations, and these are the main contents of Confucian etiquette. Secondly, family emphasizes filial piety, ancestor worship (ancestral hall genealogy) and moral requirements (harmony, filial piety) are Confucian. Belief is reflected in the family system. The family organization is the epitome of the national organization, which strengthens the concept of superiority and inferiority and ignores the lack of restraint of individuals. Moreover, the family laws of some families often override social laws and have the power of life and death. ,Jamaica Sugar DaddyThe so-called liquidation portal, these are the sites of its ills.
3. Kong’s System
The Kong’s System is a Confucian organizational system focusing on the descendants of Confucius. After Confucius’s death, Confucius’ descendants respected Confucius’ legacy and inherited Confucius’ family rituals and theories, gradually forming a group of Confucian scholars centered in Qufu. Sima Qian said in “Historical Records: The Family of Confucius”: “Shi Lu, I watched Zhongni’s temples, carriages, clothes, and rituals, and all the students used to practice etiquette in their homes, and I couldn’t go back to the clouds. The kings of the world are among the virtuous people. , It was prosperous at that time, but it was gone. Confucius was passed down to the common people for more than ten generations, and scholars followed it.” It can be seen that there was a group of “Zhusheng” in the state of Lu (now Qufu), and they “learned the rituals of their families according to the times.” , it can be seen that there are certain systems and rituals; it is also said that Confucius has been passed down for more than ten generations, which shows that the group of “all living beings” is composed of the descendants of Confucius as the backbone, plus other people who believe in Confucianism. This group existed from the death of Confucius to the Qin and Han dynasties. Qin Shihuang burned books to harass Confucians and killed more than 400 Confucian scholars, most of whom were members of this group. This group can be said to be Jamaicans Escort the earliest and most perfect Confucian church. In the turbulent years, it tried its best to retain the fire of Confucianism and pass it on from generation to generation. . After Confucianism became the national ideology, the descendants of Confucius were canonized several times, and the Confucian clan with the descendants of Confucius as the core was formed in Qufu Jamaicans Escortsystem, the so-called Yan Sheng Gong system. This organization organized the Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple, and Confucius Forest as the core to worship Confucius and his disciples, and held timely memorial ceremonies. As a result, Qufu became a holy city in the eyes of the feudal dynasty, and the emperor often visited it to worship. Therefore, although dynasties often changed, Yan Shenggong’s name remained stable.
The Confucian system is a relatively direct and pure Confucian organization. First of all, it directly worships and worships Confucius. In this organization, Confucius is not only an ancestor, but also a saint and a human being. First of all, secondly, it has inherited many relics of Confucius (called holy relics in religion), such as Confucius’ daily utensils, Confucius’ tomb, etc. Thirdly, it regularly holds grand ceremonies to worship Confucius. In terms of system, the Confucian system is a relatively perfect Confucian organization.
In general, the three types of organizations each have their own characteristics JM Escorts and tendencies, but They only reflect a certain aspect of Confucianism, and cannot fully reflect the whole picture of Confucianism, and are insufficient to become an organization that truly represents Confucianism. Academic organization based on stay in academic explorationJM Escorts At the discussion level, it lacks the practicality of religious belief and the organizational system is not rigorous; the educational organization is relatively less academic and has taken a further step in promoting the practicalization of Confucianism. It is Confucianism. The main organizational form for the popularization of doctrine; while religious organizations are similar to the practical, religious and organizational form of complete Confucian beliefs, and are the prototype of the Confucian church. These three types of organizations have not been unified in history, and cannot be unified. The political power they relied on collapsed, although the daughter-in-law in front of him was not his, forcing him to hurry up and complete the marriage, but this did not affect his original intention, as his mother said, the best outcome was to lose. They are like a piece of loose sand that can no longer be put together.
Confucianism has not always stayed in books or the things that individual Confucians cultivate themselves, but has long had all kinds of things. Organizations, these organizations have become the main carriers of Confucian inheritance. The future construction of Confucian organizations – Confucian churches should draw elements from these historical organizations
The author benefits from Confucianism in China. Website debut